Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of exercise participation on psychological adjustment, especially focusing on retirement satisfaction, life satisfaction, cognitive function, and depression in retiree. Methods: The study used Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging Wave 5 data. Participants included 270 retirees who retired within two years. One way ancova and hierarchical regression were conducted to identify the effect of exercise participation on psychological adjustment, controlling for sociodemographic variables. Results: The results were as follows: First, exercise participation was not associated with retire satisfaction, but the period of exercise participation and the time of exercise participation predicted retire satisfaction. Second, exercise participation was associated with life satisfaction. Third, exercise participation was associated with cognitive function, and the period of exercise participation predicted cognitive function. Fourth, exercise participation was not associated with depression, but the time of exercise participation predicted depression. Conclusion: This study identified the influence of exercise participation on psychological adjustment, focusing on retirement satisfaction, life satisfaction, cognitive function, and depression. The results of this study showed that exercise participation is important to maintain and improve psychological adjustment for retiree.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental information to evaluate and predict individual's exercise behavior as a psycho-behavioral intervention strategy to maintain exercise participation. This was accomplished by investigating the mediating effect of exercise outcome expectation in the structural relationship of exercise participants' exercise imagery, exercise outcome expectation, and intention to exercise adherence. Method: The study subjects were 303 male and female participating in exercise, and the collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistical analysis, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, structural equation model analysis, Bootstrapping method was used to examine the mediation effect. Results: First, exercise imagery had a positive effect on exercise outcome expectation. Second, exercise imagery had a positive effect on intention to exercise adherence. Third, exercise outcome expectation had a positive effect on intention to exercise adherence. Fourth, exercise outcome expectation partially mediated the relationship between exercise imagery and intention to exercise adherence. Conclusion: This study revealed that imagery, exercise outcome expectation, and intention to exercise adherence were positively correlated, and exercise outcome expectation mediated the relationship between exercise imagery and intention to exercise adherence. However, further research is needed to examine the effect of exercise imagery related to exercise behavior as the exercise imagery research for participants engaged in exercise is still in the early stage in South Korea.

Purpose: The purpose of the research study is to consider the existing researches on meta-cognition and explore theoretical construct of meta-cognition of sports players. Main Subject: The study investigated the change of constructs according to the definition and flow of meta-cognition presented in the existing precedent studies with the title of the definition and construct of metacognition. Subsequently, it understood the trend and flow of the research according to major variables through foreign and national research tendencies, and explored the construct of meta-cognition of sports players, based on the similarity of the structures of meta-cognition and learning theories of sports presented in the existing psychological fields. Conclusion: Based on the theoretical structure of knowledge and regulation of Schraw & Dennison(1994), the study presented declarative, procedural and conditional knowledge and sub-divided them into technical, psychological and physical factors. For the domains of regulation, it presented meta-cognition only for sports players through planning, monitoring, and evaluation systems that reflect the characteristics of sports players.

Purpose: The purpose of this case study was to investigate the effect of the 10 weeks of aerobic or combined exercise on facial skin condition and subjective well-being in college students. Methods: The study was conducted for 16 weeks (baseline 3 weeks, exercise intervention 10 weeks, exercise withdrawal 3 weeks) with two males and two females. One male and female participated in only aerobic exercise and the other male and female participated in combined exercise.. Results: The results of the Excel program showed that in the facial skin of all participants, the moisture content was increased and the sebum content was decreased in the exercise intervention stage compared to the baseline. The moisture content was decreased and the sebum content was increased at the exercise withdrawal stage, The positive affect which is a sub-factor of the subjective well-being was gradually increased while the negative affect was decreased over time during the exercise interventions. The life satisfaction, another sub-factor of the subjective well-being, was also found to be increased over time during the exercise interventions. Conclusion: Both of aerobic and combined exercise had positive effects on the skin health and the subjective well-being that were not directly correlated.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the result attribution, failure attribution and counterfactual thinking on the results of the swimming competitions among Korean and Chinese elite swimming athletes. Methods: The subjects of this study were 207 elite swimming athletes enrolled in Korean and Chinese Swimming Associations in 2016 and 2017. Results: The study revealed that more upward counterfactual thinking occurred throughout athletes who underestimated opponents on the factor of result attribution in both Korean and Chinese athletes. On the other hand, Korean athletes who made much attribution to their own abilities showed more upward counterfactual thinking, while Chinese athletes made no difference between groups. Second, the more failure attribution to self-conceit Korean and Chinese athletes had, the more upward counterfactual thinking they experienced. But Korean athletes who made more attribution to team work showed more other-referent upward counterfactual thinking, while Chinese athletes showed no differences between groups. Also, Korean athletes showed downward counterfactual thinking when they made more attribution to condition, while Chinese athletes made significant differences in other-referent upward counterfactual thinking. Third, failure attribution that took significant effects on upward counterfactual thinking was revealed as team ability or team work for Korean athletes, self-conceit and conditions for Chinese athletes. Discussion: Cross-cultural research was conducted on the similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese athletes' results and development of valid scales and more cross-cultural follow-up studies were suggested.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of gaze anchoring during aiming movements by analyzing the effect of gaze point either fixed on the initial target or moved to the new target on eye movement patterns and aiming accuracy when the target moved to another locations immediately after movement onset. Methods: Ten right handed female university students participated in the experiment as subjects. They performed a total of 150 aiming movements in 3 task conditions (target fixed, gaze fixed, and gaze moving) toward 5 target locations, 10 trials for each combination of task condition and target location respectively. While subjects performed the task, eye and hand movement patterns were measured from which the accuracy and consistency of aiming and eye movements, and variables representing their relationship were calculated. Results: In the gaze fixed condition, the radial errors in aiming and gaze point increased with increasing distance between the initial and new target location. The latency of saccade to the new target was more delayed in the gaze moving condition than in the gaze fixed, while the duration of gaze fixation before target contact was longer in the gaze fixed condition than the gaze moving. While the distance from the stylus to gaze point at movement offset was not different between target locations in the target fixed and gaze moving conditions, it became larger as the distance between the initial and new target location increased in the gaze fixed condition. Conclusion: These results suggest that the gaze anchoring during aiming movements may serve as a spatial reference for the hand to movement by specifying the spatial coordinates where the hand is supposed to reach.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Interactive Metronome(IM) training on accuracy and consistency of the timing of basketball ball pass and to verify whether IM training can improve timing accuracy and consistency. Methods: 20 non-expert participants were randomly assigned into two groups(10 control, 10 Experiment). Experimental task was visual coincident timing task with 3 different moving light conditions(2㎧, 4㎧, 8㎧). Participants performed 20 trials in each condition(total 60 trials) in pre-test, IM training Group received total 12 training session with 6 weeks, post-test we as performed with same task for Both Groups. Data were analyzed with two way ANOVA with repeated measures on test session. Retention test was performed to verify sustained training effect on the training group. Results: The results of this study showed that IM training group improved visual coincident timing performance with decreased VE, AE of timing task and sustained this timing performance on retention test.